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The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ((ドイツ語:Schlacht im Teutoburger Wald), ''Hermannsschlacht'' or ''Varusschlacht''), described as ''clades Variana'' (the Varian disaster) by Roman historians, took place in the Teutoburg Forest in 9 CE, when an alliance of Germanic tribes ambushed and decisively destroyed three Roman legions and their auxiliaries, led by Publius Quinctilius Varus. The anti-Roman alliance was led by Arminius, who had acquired Roman citizenship and received a Roman military education, thus enabling him to personally deceive the Roman commander and foresee the Roman army's tactical responses. Despite several successful campaigns and raids by the Roman army in the years after the battle, they never again attempted to conquer Germanic territory east of the Rhine River. The Germanic victory against the Roman legions in the Teutoburg forest had far-reaching effects on the subsequent history of both the ancient Germanic peoples and on the Roman Empire. Modern historians have regarded Arminius' victory as "Rome's greatest defeat" and one of the most decisive battles in history. ==Background== The Roman force was led by Publius Quinctilius Varus, a nobleman and experienced administrative official from a patrician family〔(【引用サイトリンク】 date = September 2010 )〕 who was related to the Imperial family.〔Tacitus, ''Annals'', IV.66〕 He was assigned to consolidate the new province of Germania in the autumn of 6 CE.〔 Earlier that year, before Varus was commander on the Rhine, Legatus Gaius Sentius Saturninus〔Velleius 2,195.〕〔Velleius 2,109.〕 and Consul Legatus Marcus Aemilius Lepidus led a massive army of 65,000 heavy infantry legionaries, 10,000–20,000 cavalrymen, archers, 10,000–20,000 civilians (13 legions and their entourage, totalling around 100,000 men) in an offensive operation against Maroboduus,〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】 date = September 2010 )〕 the king of the Marcomanni, who were a tribe of the Suebi. Following their defeat at the hands of Drusus I in 9 BCE, they had fled into the territory of the Boii, from which they formed an alliance with the Hermunduri, Quadi, Semnones, Lugians, Zumi, Butones, Mugilones, Sibini and Langobards.〔Strabo 7, 1, 3; Velleius 2, 108, 2; 2, 109, 2f.; Tacitus, ''Annals'', II.45〕 In 4 CE, Tiberius entered Germania and subjugated the Cananefates in Germania Inferior, the Chatti near the upper Weser River, and the Bructeri south of the Teutoburg Forest, before leading his army across the Weser. However, in 6 CE a rebellion broke out in the province of Illyricum. Led by Bato the Daesitiate,〔Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, p. 216, ISBN 0-631-19807-5. ''"Further east the formidable Daesitiates of central Bosnia retained their name. The great rebellion of All 6 had been led by their chief Bato, and their relatively low total of 103 decuriae likely reflects..."''〕 Bato the Breucian,〔Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, p. 207, ISBN 0-631-19807-5. ''"The rising began among the Daesitiates of central Bosnia under their leader Bato but they were soon joined by the Breuci. The four-year war which lasted..."''〕 Pinnes of Pannonia,〔The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69 (Volume 10) by Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott,1996,page 176: "... Daesitiates was soon matched by rebellion of the Breuci in Pannonia, headed by Pinnes and another Bato. ..."〕 and elements of the Marcomanni, it was known as the ''Bellum Batonianum'', and it lasted nearly four years. Tiberius was forced to stop his campaign against Maroboduus and recognise him as king〔Velleius Paterculus, ''Compendium of Roman History'' 2, 109, 5; Cassius Dio, ''Roman History'' 55, 28, 6–7〕 so that he could then send his eight legions (VIII ''Augustan'', XV ''Apollonian'', XX ''Victorious Valerian'', XXI ''Predator'', XIII ''Twin'', XIV ''Twin'', XVI ''Gallic'' and an unknown unit〔(【引用サイトリンク】 date = September 2010 )〕) to crush the rebellion in the Balkans. All told, nearly half of all Roman legions in existence were sent to the Balkans to end the revolt, which was itself triggered by constant neglect, endemic food shortages, high taxes, and harsh behavior on the part of the Roman tax collectors. This campaign, led by Tiberius and Quaestor Legatus Germanicus under Emperor Augustus, was one of the most difficult, and most crucial, in the history of the Roman Empire. Due to this massive redeployment of available legions, when Varus was named ''Legatus Augusti pro praetore'' in Germania, only three legions were available to him. Varus' name and deeds were well known beyond the empire because of his ruthlessness and crucifixion of insurgents. While he was feared by the people, he was highly respected by the Roman senate. On the Rhine, he was in command of the XVII, XVIII, and XIX legions. These had previously been led by General Gaius Sentius Saturninus, who had been sent back to Rome after being awarded an ''ornamenta triumphalia''.〔Velleius 2,105.〕 The other two legions in the winter-quarters of the army at ''castrum'' ''Moguntiacum''〔(【引用サイトリンク】 date = September 2010 )〕 were led by Varus' nephew, Lucius Nonius Asprenas〔 and perhaps Lucius Arruntius. Following the attacks of Drusus I in 11–9 BCE, Varus' opponent, Arminius, along with his brother Flavus,〔Tacitus ''Annals'', II.9〕〔Tacitus, ''Annals'', XI.16〕 had been sent to Rome as tribute by their father, Segimerus the Conqueror,〔Velleius 2,118.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 date = September 2010 )〕 chieftain of the noblest house in the tribe of the Cherusci. Arminius then spent his youth in Rome as a hostage, where he had received a military education, and even been given the rank of Equestrian. During Arminius' absence, Segimerus was declared a coward by the other Germanic chieftains, because he had submitted to Roman rule, a crime punishable by death under Germanic law. Between 11 BCE and 4 CE, the hostility and suspicion between the Germanic tribes deepened. Trade and political accords between the warlords deteriorated. Tacitus wrote that the Chatti were hostile, and subjugated the Cherusci, but were themselves "pacified" between 4 and 6 CE.〔Several examples by Max Ihm, s. v. "Cheruski", in: ''Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft'' (RE) III.2, Stuttgart 1899, cols. 2270–2272. 〕 Velleius Paterculus also reported that in the years 1–4 CE, there was unrest in Germania.〔Velleius Paterculus 2, 104,2〕 After his return from Rome, Arminius became a trusted advisor to Varus, but in secret he forged an alliance of Germanic tribes that had traditionally been enemies. These included the Cherusci,〔 Marsi,〔 Chatti,〔 Bructeri,〔 Chauci, Sicambri, and remaining elements of the Suebi, who had been defeated by Caesar in the Battle of Vosges. These five were some of the fifty Germanic tribes at the time. Using the collective outrage over Varus' tyrannous insolence and wanton cruelty to the conquered,〔 Arminius was able to unite the disorganized tribes who had submitted in sullen hatred to the Roman dominion, and maintain said alliance until the most opportune moment to strike.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 year = 1905 )〕 While Varus was on his way from his summer camp west of the Weser river to winter headquarters near the Rhine, he heard reports of a local rebellion, reports which had been fabricated by Arminius.〔 Edward Shepherd Creasy writes that "This was represented to Varus as an occasion which required his prompt attendance at the spot; but he was kept in studied ignorance of its being part of a concerted national rising; and he still looked on Arminius as his submissive vassal ...". Varus decided to quell this uprising immediately, expediting his response by taking a detour through territory that was unfamiliar to the Romans. Arminius, who accompanied him, directed him along a route that would facilitate an ambush.〔 Another Cheruscan nobleman, Segestes, brother of Segimerus and unwilling father in law to Arminius,〔〔Tacitus, ''Annals'', I.71〕 warned Varus the night before the Roman forces departed, allegedly suggesting that Varus should apprehend Arminius, along with other Germanic leaders whom he identified as participants in the planned uprising. His warning, however, was dismissed as stemming from the personal feud between Segestes and Arminius. Arminius then left under the pretext of drumming up Germanic forces to support the Roman campaign. Once free from prying eyes, he immediately led his troops in a series of attacks on the surrounding Roman garrisons. Recent archaeological finds place the battle at Kalkriese Hill in Osnabrück county, Lower Saxony.〔 On the basis of Roman accounts, the Romans were marching northwest from what is now the city of Detmold, passing east of Osnabrück after camping in the area, prior to the attack. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Battle of the Teutoburg Forest」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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